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Q&a: Jeana Vithoulas

Here is the full transcript of our interview with Jeana Vithoulas, author of the September Great Read, Love Begins with an A.

**Q You’ve done a lot of jobs, worked as a union official, an interpreter, university tutor – were you always going to be a writer?

A** Yes, I was always going to write and was always trying to get around to it, but it took me a long time.

The union movement is a great environment and exciting and interesting, but it does take up all your time. I used to think about writing a lot, but I didn’t have the time. Then it came to the point where I had to think about whether I wanted to write seriously, or have a career in the labour movement. And I decided I was going to be a writer.

**Q. What unions did you work with?

A.** The Builders Labour Federation in WA, the Electrical Trades in Victoria and the Liquor Hotel and Miscellaneous Union, as an organiser and campaign worker in that order for seven years.

**Q. What led you to unionism?

A.** I always believed in spending my life doing something to improve the lot of people who have less chances or opportunities in life. I kind of shifted into the labour movement because I was outspoken and was always sticking up for people.

**Q. What in your background made you like that?

A.** My family. My mum and dad came out to Australia and worked in factories like a lot of migrants in the 1950s. Then my mother had her own business making clothes. They live in Greece now and have their own shop over there. My dad always taught us to stick up for the underdog.

**Q. You set the book on the Greek island of Zakynthos – is it mythical or does it exist?

A.** Yes, it is real, it’s in the Ionian group of islands.

**Q. And that’s where your parents come from?

A.** Yes and they’ve gone back to live there.

The second largest number of Australians living overseas are in Greece. Greeks do this more than Italians. There’s lots of reasons why this happens. It’s much easier to go back to Greece and live in many ways – people who’ve left Italy to come to Australia say, ‘what have we got to back to?’ But Greece has done very well. For instance, my mother has gone back and is running a shop there, making clothes. The same is true of Ireland, because that’s done so well economically, many Irish people have gone back there to live. The most important thing is of course is that you are able to speak the language.

**Q. What business did your parents run in Australia?

A.** Milk bar, butcher’s shop and a travel agency.

**Q. What does your father do in Greece?

A.** He’s retired, Mum’s a bit of a workaholic. It’s really my sister’s shop, she runs it, but Mum helps her.

**Q. Where were you raised in Melbourne?

A.** In Flemington and Essendon.

**Q. How many children in the family?

A.** Four girls. Everyone says they can see where I got a lot of my material for the book, but the truth is I also have 25 first cousins – only five of them are men. A lot of the stuff in the book comes from my cousins, who are like sisters anyway.

**Q. When did you start writing?

A.** Back in primary school. I used to write stories and send them into competitions. I had a short story published in an anthology in 1994. In 1998, I decided I was going to write this book. That’s how it all started. So I got creative and had a baby. But with all the interruptions I still persisted – I suppose overall it took me about three to four years to write Love Begins With An A.

**Q. How did you get published?

A.** I was a bit naïve. At first I sent the whole thing to publishers and agents, and then somebody said just send the first 50 pages – they were sent back with comments that they didn’t feel it was ready. But by then I had done another draft and sent the first 50 pages to Penguin. Everything was drawn out after that – it went through different stages before eventually it was accepted. Obviously, I was excited when they finally offered me a contract, but it didn’t all happen at once.

**Q. What did you set out to write about with your book Love Begins With An A?

A.** I was in my late 20s and 30s, and single and so were a lot of my friends. There were all these stories in the papers about these women who didn’t want to get married. That wasn’t true of me or any of the friends I knew. In these stories women just wanted careers and didn’t care about meeting a man. They were happy go to the gym and wanted this lifestyle thing. I didn’t know who they were talking about. The women I knew who got to this age really wanted to meet somebody and think about a serious relationship. In fact, we would talk about the ridiculous lengths to which we’d go, the things we would put up with in order to have a relationship. I thought I’d like to write a book about this, from the perspective and the lengths that some women go to for love.

I know two young women at the moment who have moved overseas to be with men they met while they were on an earlier trip. That’s a really big decision to make. One particular girl I know, she thinks if she doesn’t give it a go, she’ll be kicking herself that she didn’t go and find out. I know a lot of girls who go overseas for love.

The other thing, too, is that a lot of the action in the novel was based on a trip I took to Greece in 1992. So it was that backdrop that inspired me to write it. Greece is so full of life, everything always happens there – it’s exciting and chaotic, a great place to inspire you.

**Q. How old are you and are you married?

A.** I’m 40, married to a guy who’s wonderful. We have a three-year-old-son.

**Q. What does your husband do for a living?

A.** He’s a union official.

**Q. How old is your son and what is his name?

A.** Alessandro and he’s three years old.

**Q. What other job do you do outside of writing?

A.** I work for the public service in the environmental area.

**Q. Who are the two people you’ve dedicated your book to?

A.** My grandmothers. At different times they brought me up. They loved stories and they were great story-tellers. They gave me a love of stories. My mum’s mother couldn’t read and write, but there was this oral tradition. They used to act out all the parts.

**Q. I loved the grandmother in your book.

A.** Yes, there are a lot of stereotypes about migrant women – both my grandmothers were very dynamic women.

**Q. Where were you educated?

A.** Lowther Hall, an Anglican school, and then at Melbourne University, where I did an Arts Honours degree.

**Q. How did you go from there to working in unions?

A.** I had no idea what job I wanted at the end of uni. I only knew I didn’t want to teach. When I finished my degree, I was working as an interpreter and that put me into all sorts of situations, dealing with legal issues and union issues. That’s how I came into contact with unions and union officials. I started off as a recruiter and I did a good job, I recruited 200 people in three months. I did that for a year.

**Q. You also work as a lecturer at the moment. What in?

A.** Modern Greek.

**Q. How do you find the time to write with a toddler and all the other work you do?

A.** Usually I get up in the morning and write, around 5am. And I write on the weekends. I don’t have any other time.

**Q. Who read your manuscript first?

A.** Christos Tsiolkas, who wrote Head-on. He is much more gifted than me. His writing is very challenging. We’ve known each other since university and we meet regularly and talk about our work. He’s the only one who’s read the whole thing. Writing is a very solitary thing, you spend many hours at the computer trying to motivate yourself. One of the things I found helpful was having Chris. I’d knew I’d be meeting him and had to have something done to share with him.

**Q. Where do you do most of your writing?

A.** I have a home office in a room that looks onto the back garden. I also use a lap-top, sometimes in the lounge-room.

**Q. How long have you been married?

A.** Four years.

**Q. Where do you live?

A.** North of Melbourne.

**Q. I was interested to see that a part of your book homes in on the deep suspicion and hostility with which many locals treat the new migrants flooding into Greece looking for work?

A.** Yes, there are hordes of Eastern Europeans going looking for jobs and it’s an issue. It’s ironic that my parents left Greece looking for work and opportunity in Australia, and now it’s the place where others go looking for the same thing.

**Q. I liked your book because of all the layers in it?

A.** Thanks. It’s a love story with lots of other things in it – politics and adventures.

**Q. I thought the arguments between the sisters in Love begins With An A, were very life-like.

A.** Yes, that was one of the other things this book was about – the order you come in the family. And what it’s like to be the first child. Always worrying about the others, as well as competing with them. Your parents always end up relying on you. A friend of mine’s parents are living in Greece. They still ring her and ask her what such and such is about or what this form or letter means? The first child takes on that parental role with her siblings. Even if her life is a mess, she’s still expected to be able to sort everything out.

**Q. Do you intend to write more books?

A.** Yes! I’d love to keep writing. I hope this book does well and that I can get another published.

**Q. If I said Jeana love … how would you finish it?

A.** Eating, cooking, reading, listening to music.

**Q. Favourite authors?

A.** Jeannette Winterson, E.L. Doctorow, Xavier Herbert, Hanif Kureishi, the Brontes, Colm Toibin.

**Q. If you live in Melbourne, I assume you follow an AFL team?

A.** Collingwood.

**Q. If I said Jeana believes … how would you finish it?

A.** That when it comes to inequity, it’s up to all of us to redress it. That is at the core of what I believe. And that families need more support.

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Spice your food right

Enjoy the spice of life with healthy herbs.

Enjoy the spice of life with healthy herbs. According to a new study from the University of Nebraska, herbs not only improve the taste of your food, but can also help fight the free radicals that age you. Excellent choices include basil, cayenne, oregano, rosemary, sage and ginger. All contain high percentages of polyphenols, substances which help reduce cell damage that increases your risk of cancer and heart disease. Both fresh and dried herbs offer the benefits of polyphenols. Always store dried herbs in sealed jars in a cool, dark place to maintain the nutritional content. Exposure to heat, light and air all reduce their antioxidant power as well as their flavour.

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Get involved

Getting involved is good for your health.

Getting involved is good for your health.

Group activism – whether it’s taking part in an anti-war protest, lobbying the local council for speed signs near schools, or taking part in a fund-raising walk – can make you healthier. Psychologists at the University of Sussex found that people who took part in protests and demonstrations felt more positive about life than they did before they picked up their signs and went marching. Having a positive outlook means you’re also more likely to have a strong immune system.

YOUR SAY: How are you getting involved? Tell us below!

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Fighting colds

Staying active each day can keep a cold at bay.

Staying active each day can keep a cold at bay. A recent study from the University of South Carolina confirms what we already know – that exercise keeps you fit and helps prevent chronic disease. However, it has also shown something new: that exercise cuts your chances of coming down with the common cold. Researchers monitored the activity levels of over 250 women aged 40 to 50, for a year, and found that those who exercised moderately (which included everyday activities such as mopping floors, raking leaves and walking) for 60 to 90 minutes a day had a 25 per cent lower risk of catching a cold.

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Pongy garbage bins

Prevent horrible smells in your bins by sprinkling 1/4 cup each of borax (a natural mineral found in the laundry aisle) and bicarbonate of soda into the bottom of the empty...
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A habit of obedience

The funeral is not a problem. Maureen simply reacts to other peoples’ distress, which is just another form of obedience after all. Tea and biscuits later is a little harder to manage. A smile insists on creeping into her mind, so she keeps her eyes lowered and speaks only in monosyllables. No one notices. They all think she’s half-mad, or stupid, or both. Everyone’s eyes are on Rita, waiting for her to give way to a distasteful show of grief. After all, Rita is David’s mistress. Was David’s mistress.

The day it happened began no differently than a hundred other Saturdays. David shaved, showered, wolfed down his food, then left for work without saying a word – although he had muttered a disgusted ‘tsk tsk’ when she walked out of her room wearing the pink silk negligee. A gift from David during their courting days, it was now worn and faded like her; but the newer purple chenille dressing gown needed to be washed.

Her breakfast was an apple and a cup of black coffee. David wanted her to lose at least four kilos. Two birds with one stone: cut down on the food bill and spare the expense of new clothes. The lingering waft of his bacon and eggs tempted her, but the habit of obedience was too strong.

Tying back her frizzy hair with a length of wool, she wandered into the bathroom to read the list of instructions he taped to the mirror each morning. This never failed to amuse her. She hadn’t looked into a mirror for years.

  1. Check to see if cows number 44 and 52 have calved.

  2. New bull pushed water trough off stand. Fix it. Water and feed him.

  3. Weed garden.

  4. Washing. Don’t forget your dressing gown again.

  5. Ironing.

  6. Clean stove.

The instructions went up to twelve. She didn’t mind. David had always been a hard worker, and he expected the same from her. Although while his poor city beginnings had given him a need for wealth and respect, she thought it was all a waste of time. Nothing held her interest any more.

Sometimes she thought about dying. The trouble was, she didn’t believe in suicide and she’d been cursed with longevity genes. Her mother had died young, but only to spite her father. He died from a fall after swearing the ghost of his wife had pitchforked the horse. Yet all the other ancestors had easily passed ninety. David didn’t know about them. He’d clearly stated that he expected her to dutifully depart this world around the age of fifty. She smiled at that. She’d inherited her mother’s spitefulness.

She decided to do the gardening first. Perhaps she’d cut roses for the convict graves near the creek, even though he laughed at her for continuing this custom started by her paternal grandmother. He laughed about Grandmother too, forgetting that the old lady had doubled the size of this farm. David had sold most of those added acres to buy properties in Perlea – all in Maureen’s name so the farm could help reduce the taxes. After she died, in a year or two, five at the most, David would reap his rightful rewards. For now she could just be sensible and sign the cheques. Or so he always said.

Her bank manager had hinted with meaningful looks and many hums and hahs that signing cheques without question could be considered rather stupid. But David had always been clever with business. The bank balance and property assets continued to grow under his management. Maureen had to agree with the banker. She was stupid. Like her grandmother.

She was down on her hands and knees, enjoying the smell of earth and freshly cut roses, when a blue sedan rattled through the gateway. Standing slowly, she stared along the winding track leading up to the highway. Nobody came to see her any more. The people in the car would be looking for David. He sold real estate on weekends.

They would see she hadn’t bothered to dress. That was another bad habit she’d picked up since her daughter Alana left – like preferring her own company to others and conversing with the dogs. Now there’d be new rumours about old Rummy Tom’s eccentric daughter. Runs in the family, they’d say. They’d feel sorry for David and buy more goods from his store instead of going to the competition. Whitewood’s shop, the only other general store in Perlea, was run by a straitlaced and godly pair. No gossip there. No chance to watch Rita and David exchanging secret smiles.

She wanted to run and hide, but David’s instructions had been perfectly clear. If anyone comes send them straight to the store.

‘He’s not here,’ she called. ‘His office is in Perlea. That’s three kilometres down the highway. You can’t miss it, there’s no houses until you get there.’

A tall thin man unwound from the car, managing not to look amused or shocked by this frowsy woman in a soiled pink negligee.

‘Maureen Simmons?’ he asked hesitantly, seeming to doubt the question then her nod of affirmation. Frowning, he glanced past her to the house before finally proffering a thin white object. ‘I live in the flat next to Alana. She asked me to give you this.’

Maureen’s hands closed to fists. It was an involuntary reaction. But David had never actually forbidden her to accept mail. The postman usually delivered it to his office. She snatched the envelope out of the tall man’s hand.

‘I told her last night that I was heading out this way. Holidays, you know?’ he said. ‘She gave me the note this morning.’

Maureen hugged the letter to her chest. She wanted to ask this man in for a cup of tea or a glass of lemonade. Maybe bacon and eggs if the hens had laid. She could cut the strips of bacon into paper thin slices so David wouldn’t realise that some were missing. Anything to keep this man here while she asked about the baby, about how Alana lived, who were her friends. If she’d let her hair grow long again. If she still had that cheeky grin.

She thrust the bunch of roses into his hand.

The hint of derision faded from his eyes. He reached out with one finger and brushed a tear from her cheek.

No one had touched her since Alana left. She tried to thank him, but the words wouldn’t form. It was too long since she’d talked with a stranger. Since she’d talked at all.

He smiled reassurance and turned away.

As Maureen watched his car disappear from view, she stroked the envelope lightly with the cushions of her fingertips while imagining the texture of Alana’s skin. She touched the scrawled name and imagined touching Alana’s cheek. She turned the envelope over, smiling at the strip of Sellotape sealing the flap like a band-aid covering a cut knee. Careful not to hurt, she scratched up the edges of the tape and gently eased it away. Inside was a single sheet of paper. Once pristine, it was now soiled around the edges and crumpled by indifferent hands. Slowly, she filled the envelope with petals and lay it on the ground. Savouring was often better than having.

It was a gas bill. Surely Alana knew that David never left money in the house. He handled all the expenses. Wait, the back was covered in Alana’s untidy scrawl. Smoothing the sheet, Maureen read aloud:

I’m sorry Mum. They took the baby last night. They said I was unfit. He won’t let me come home and I’ve got nowhere else. Michael left a month ago and I don’t know how to be alone. I’ve been saving sleeping pills. I know you can’t help it. I can’t help it either. Love you. Alana.

The scream followed her to the gate. It began again when there was no sign of the blue car, or any other. It continued tearing at her throat as she stumbled and ran three kilometres to the small town of Perlea. There was a phone booth outside the caravan park, but she had no money and the operator asked questions she couldn’t answer. Her voice lay somewhere on the road along with her screams.

She ran from the booth but forgot to release the receiver. It jerked her backwards in a stumbling fall. She hit the back of the booth then fell forward in a tangle of arms and legs. Two boys riding tandem on a ten-speed bike stopped to stare down at the madwoman with a negligee around her neck. She tried to show them the letter. One snatched it out of her hand and pedalled away. The other one ran beside him. Their laughter thudded between her eyes like a closed fist. She caught up with them at the next corner and threw the rider off the bike and onto his mate with one backhanded sweep of her arm. Snatching the letter, she pedalled into the main street, still trying to scream Alana’s name. The boys ignored their coating of pebbles and raced after her. Their yells mingled with her shrieks and brought David racing out of the store.

Maureen remembers the look on David’s face. The mourners are shocked by her sudden snort of laughter. She turns it into a cough. The minister hurries forward to pat her back. She sprays him with orange cream biscuit. Maureen’s second snort of laughter is hidden by the crush of Perlea ladies rushing to brush him down. The minister is a bachelor and competition is fierce. She adds to the confusion with a surreptitious tweak of his thigh before wandering outside for the more appealing company of her dogs. She watches as they greet a visiting cur.

Rita follows her onto the verandah but turns her back on the dogs. Their method of introduction and identification offends her city-bred sensibilities.

‘The roses are beautiful,’ she says in her carefully modulated, well educated voice. ‘Mum planted them before she died,’ Maureen says dreamily. ‘Dad wanted to rip them out but he couldn’t be bothered. Alana loved them too.’

Rita’s sigh is as carefully modulated as her voice and clothes. ‘It must have been hard for you,’ she murmurs. ‘I believe your father was a very difficult man with rather strange habits. Or so the people in Perlea say.’

Maureen shrugs. ‘He just liked to dress in Mum’s clothes. And he was all right with me as long as I did what I was told.’ She gives Rita a sideways glance. ‘It gets to be a habit. Like it did with David.’

Rita’s voice is a little rough around the edges as she replies, ‘You chose to marry him.’ ‘I thought he’d take me away from here,’ Maureen sighs. ‘But then Dad died and David said if we waited the farm would be worth more. We waited too long past the boom. Don’t think he wanted to go really.’

‘You shouldn’t blame him for making Alana leave,’ Rita whispers. ‘He couldn’t abide the shame of a wayward daughter. He was hard, but you have to admire him. What is a man without principles?’

Maureen doesn’t remind Rita of the proviso in Dad’s will. Equal share of the farm between Maureen and Alana, provided that Maureen never signed any of it over to her husband and Alana stayed until she was of legal age. David turned her out of the house a month before her eighteenth birthday.

Although to be fair to David, Alana had wanted to go. She stopped calling him ‘Dad’ a month after Rita came to Perlea.

Thinking of Perlea reminds Maureen of David’s face again.

Perlea turned out to stare at the mute madwoman cycling along the main street in a tattered pink silk negligee. Maureen bent low over the handlebars, pedalling hard to stay in front of the boys. While they ran, they leapt into the air trying to grab her negligee as it flared out in her slipstream. One finally managed to grab a ruff of pink lace, which was enough to make her lose control. The bike threw her onto the footpath in front of David.

She tried to force out the words to tell him about Alana, but they were caught somewhere down in her throat. She wheezed and gasped, raking at her tongue and cheeks and tearing at her hair. When a crowd gathered, David mumbled something about that certain time of life and bundled her into the store.

Rita pried the letter out of her fingers. Rita phoned the police and ambulance. Rita gave her water to wet her throat so she could speak. Rita gave her a handful of tranquillisers and did not notice when she spat them out.

Back at the funeral, Maureen remembers how Rita’s need to be seen as a compassionate person had saved Alana’s life. She wonders if the deed is more important than the reason. She shrugs away the thought as being too complicated for her simple mind, and turns to watch a taxi move slowly down the track from the highway. This time she doesn’t try to hide the brightness of her eyes.

Rita is clutching her arm. The urgency is transferred. Maureen faces her.

‘I just want you to know that I never meant you any harm,’ Rita says. ‘I knew him a long time ago. We were childhood sweethearts. Meeting him again…’ She stops to sigh. ‘I never meant you any harm.’

Maureen pats Rita’s shoulder. What else can she do? After the farm accident, the police had questioned Rita first. She had confessed to giving Maureen the tranquillisers and they knew David’s mistress wouldn’t lie about that. Rita had confirmed the town’s opinion that Maureen is more simple than insane, and the police agreed that stupidity is akin to innocence. And Rita had saved Alana’s life.

David had refused to speak as he drove Maureen back to the farm that day. He was angry at her for casting a slur on his reputation. As owner of the general store and a councilman, he had an image to uphold. Hale bluff David may not be so hearty after all. Why didn’t his wife have a car, the Perleans were asking each other. Why couldn’t she use the homestead phone?

He reminded them of her father, Rummy Tom the funny dresser. And of Tom’s older sister, weird Margaret the greenie. Turned eighty now and still running round the country hugging trees. And what about Grandma gathering roses for century-dead convicts, and Maureen hardly ever coming into Perlea any more. He wiped a drool of water from her chin and called attention to the faded pink negligee. What normal woman wears such a thing to town?

Maureen merely looked up at him and smiled. The ambulance had reached Alana in time.

Back at the farm, she refused to finish the chores and staggered off to bed, pretending to under the influence of tranquillisers. A small triumph, but a heady one. Perhaps she would balk at making dinner. It was time to make a stand. Alana had always said that people used her. David said she liked to be used, and some people were born wimps. Maureen’s mother had once said that she’d been born with a habit of obedience.

He stood over the bed and glared. Her resolve disappeared. She tried to say she would start with the cows.

‘Not one word,’ he said sternly. ‘I do not want to hear your voice. I’ll do the chores you neglected. Meanwhile I have unlocked the phone, but you are not to use it. Nor are you to leave this room until I give my permission.’

She watched through the window as he checked numbers 44 and 52. They hadn’t calved. Next on his list was the bull.

That’s when she remembered that it hadn’t been fed or watered. She leaned through the window to call out a warning. But David had said he did not want to hear her voice.

The bull charged out of the shed as David walked through the gateway. He jumped back, but didn’t have time to throw the bolt. The animal slammed into the gate which slammed into David, hurling him flat out on his back in the middle of the track. Maureen could have called out and told him that the bull just wanted to reach the water trough. All he had to do was lie still. But he’d forbidden her to speak.

David staggered to his feet and tried to run. He was between the bull and the trough. He never had a chance.

Maureen watched the animal drink his fill then wander away to eat. She could have left her room and telephoned for help. But the habit of obedience was too strong.

‘If only I hadn’t given you those tranquillisers,’ Rita says at the funeral. ‘If he hadn’t lain there all day, he’d still be alive now. If only I’d come before dark to see why he wasn’t answering the phone.’

‘So many ifs,’ Maureen agrees sadly.

‘It could be the wrong time to raise this issue,’ Rita says, ‘but I’ve worked for next to nothing and invested all my savings in the properties David acquired. Of course we never signed a contract, but David told me that he’d changed his will, leaving the townhouse and half the store to me. You can’t run the shop, and I don’t want to leave. I’ll sell the house and buy out your share. I’ll even take some of those other places off your hands if you like. They’d just keep you away from the farm.’

The taxi stops. Alana and her baby are inside. Maureen is packed and ready to go. A new life with her daughter and grand-daughter. They’d go far from the farm – perhaps to the city and live amongst strangers. It would be difficult at first, but with Alana’s help she’d be able to break all the old habits.

Rita holds her arm, waiting for an answer.

Maureen knows that David had never made a will. He had nothing to leave. Everything is in Maureen’s name. Of course she could mention these facts, but she’d never been good at words. And Rita had saved Alana’s life. The least Maureen owes her is a few days of dreaming. The lawyers will give David’s mistress the true facts when she tries to make a claim.

And Rita’s voice has a tone of authority, so of course Maureen agrees to everything she says. The habit of obedience is still strong.

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Too sad to sleep?

From The Australian Women’s Weekly

Insomnia, How to sleep easy health book.

One of the most common causes of insomnia is anxiety. The relationship between anxiety and insomnia is a relatively simple one. Anxiety produces increased alertness. However, your alertness level must be low for sleep to occur for any number of reasons.

Depression is another common mood disturbance that effects sleep. Often people who are depressed fall asleep easily, but then may wake up in the morning and be quite unable to sleep again.

This sleeping pattern can happen for other reasons, too, and isn’t always associated with depression. However, depression doesn’t always produce sleeplessness – sometimes opposite is true. Some people, who are depressed sleep a lot, are often lethargic during the day and find it very difficult to get enthusiastic and motivated about anything.

Other symptoms of depression are:

  • Feelings of great sadness

  • Tearfulness

  • Weight loss or gain

  • Difficulty with concentration and memory

  • Sometimes, suicidal thoughts

If you have symptoms of depression associated with sleep disturbance you should consult your doctor, particularly if these symptoms are severe – and seek help immediately if you have thoughts of suicide.

In many cases, treating the depression fixes the sleep disturbance. This can be true even when it seems that the sleep disturbance came before the feelings of depression.

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Is snacking dangerous?

Snacking may seem like a sensible way to keep your energy levels up, but all-day grazing can put you at increased risk for type II diabetes, stroke and heart disease, say researchers from the Hannah...

Snacking may seem like a sensible way to keep your energy levels up, but all-day grazing can put you at increased risk for type II diabetes, stroke and heart disease, say researchers from the Hannah Research Institute in Ayr, Scotland, in a study published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The increased risk is the result of insulin spikes created by eating foods that have a high glycaemic index (GI), a measure of how high a particular food raises blood sugar. The solution is to eat snacks that have a low GI, like cashews and grapefruit. For a detailed list of low glycaemic foods, visit the GI website created by the University of Sydney at www.glycemicindex.com. For good health, pick snacks with a GI less than 50.

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Caring for the aged

Many Australians, at some time in their life, will need to access aged care services – if not for themselves, for their spouse, parents, children, relatives or friends.

Through Commonwealth, State and Local government departments and a large number of community organisations, there is a wide range of services and support available – you just need to know what is available and how you can access it.

This book explains all you need to know about community and residential aged care services and includes an extensive collection of contact details for support and community organisations.

Available at selected newsagents and bookshops, or buy it online, RRP A$24.95.

Aged Care in Australia

As Australia’s population grows older, the number of people in Australia aged 65 and over is predicted to increase from 12.3 per cent of the population or 2.3 million people in 1999 to around 18 per cent or 4.2 million people in 2021 and increasing to 26 per cent of our population or 6.6 million people in 2051.

The number of people aged 85 and over has also increased significantly since 1991. Although people aged 85 years and over currently only represent about 1.3 per cent of the population, numbers in this age group are increasing rapidly and are projected to reach almost 500,000 by 2021 and 1.3 million by 2051.

Of this group, it is estimated that fewer than one in 10 will need to move into a hostel or nursing home but many more may require some level of assistance to help them remain in their home.

Aged care services – what assistance is available?

Aged care services in Australia are provided in a wide variety of forms but can generally be divided into two main groups:

  • Residential based services where the person moves into a hostel or nursing home

  • Community based services where the person continues to live at home

Residential care

The Commonwealth government currently provides funding for nearly 143,500 residential care places in approximately 3000 facilities across Australia. Residential places are provided for those requiring both low levels of care (in hostels) and high levels of care (in nursing homes). Some retirement villages now offer limited assistance or “assisted living”. Retirement villages will be discussed further in Chapter 15.

Community care

For those not requiring residential care, a range of community care options is available including:

  • Community Aged Care Packages (CACP)

  • The EACH program (Extended Aged Care at Home)

  • Home and Community Care (HACC) services

There are also additional services available for family or others providing care for older people to further assist them to remain in their own homes.

How aged care services are funded

Aged care services in Australia are primarily funded and regulated by the Commonwealth government through the Department of Health and Ageing. Some programs (such as Home and Community Care) are jointly funded through agreements between the Commonwealth and the State or Territory governments. The total funding from the Commonwealth government for aged care services for the 2001-2002 financial year was approximately $5.4 billion of which just over $4 billion was spent providing residential aged care services.

Who provides aged care?

Aged care services are provided by three distinct groups of organisations.

  • Charitable and religious groups.

  • Private companies

  • The Government (both State and Local levels)

The charitable and religious sector represents the largest group of providers, owning over 63 per cent of all residential places. This sector is the main provider of residential aged care services in rural and remote areas across Australia.

The private sector now represents just over 27 per cent, a figure that has been slowly increasing since the early 1990s.

The government sector, which includes State and local government bodies, represents the remaining 9.5 per cent of places.

Rules governing aged care – government legislation

If you are involved with providing care for the elderly at any level you need to be aware that all facets of providing residential and community based care are regulated by law. Residential and community aged care is administered under two pieces of Commonwealth legislation:

  • The Aged Care Act 1997; and

  • The Home and Community Care Act 1985.

The Aged Care Act 1997 covers all aspects of how residential care, flexible care and community aged care packages are planned, funded, provided and regulated. This Act came into force on 1 October 1997 and represented a significant change to the way aged care services are governed.

The Home and Community Care Act 1985 is an essential guide for those involved with providing Home and Community Care (HACC) services. The Act outlines the agreement between the Commonwealth and State/Territory governments for the regulation and funding of these services.

Providers of residential aged care services in some states are also required to meet conditions laid down in state-based legislation such as the Nursing Homes Act 1988 and Nursing Homes Regulation 1996 (NSW). These additional pieces of legislation are generally more prescriptive than the Commonwealth Aged Care Act 1997 but apply only to certain types of facilities in the specific state. For example, the Nursing Homes Act 1988 only applies to nursing homes in New South Wales and does not cover other residential facilities in New South Wales such as hostels. It is also not applicable to nursing homes in any other state of Australia.

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Make new friends

Photo by Getty Images

The more diverse your circle of friends, the healthier you’ll be. Here are some ‘natural’ ideas on how to connect with others.

  • Put your hand up: Besides introducing you to new people, putting yourself forward for charity or volunteer work makes you feel better about yourself.

  • Open your mind: Fancy making a vegetarian lasagna? Learning the lotus position? Check out the notice-boards at your local health food store for ideas on courses where you’ll meet like-minded people.

  • Think pink: Crystal therapists say rose-coloured quartz has the power to encourage love and friendship. Carry a small piece in your purse, or place it on your desk.

  • Stamp out shyness: Flower essences such as Mimulus (Mimulus guttatus) is said to help you overcome nervousness and communicate better. Place up to 4 drops under your tongue four times a day.

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