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70th birthday page

For alternative health solutions for everyday problems, ask Pamela Allardice.

**MYSTERIOUS NAUSEA

I regularly experience waves of nausea, anything up to three or four times a day. They don’t seem related to anything unusual that I’ve done or eaten, and I’m not pregnant. Can you please give me some advice?**

Sara B., via email.

Nausea is the unpleasant feeling of needing to vomit. It can be caused by a number of factors, including food or chemical poisoning, various infections and diseases, emotional stress, and problems with the inner ear. If you suffer badly from nausea, it’s important to get a proper medical diagnosis, as detailed questioning, examination and tests may be needed to establish the cause. For fast relief, take ginger tea, ginger beer, ginger tablets or capsules, or crystallised ginger. You can also try inhaling a few drops of peppermint oil, dabbed on a hanky or tissue, and wearing Sea-Bands (available from your pharmacy), which stimulate an acupressure point on the wrist and reduce nausea and travel sickness.

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Kate Adie: a woman at war

She's faced bullets and bazookas, and told it like it is in conflicts around the globe. Now, Kate Adie, BBC journalist and possibly the world's most famous female war correspondent, has written a new book, From Corsets to Camouflage, a history of women in war.

She’s faced bullets and bazookas, and told it like it is in conflicts around the globe. Now, Kate Adie, BBC journalist and possibly the world’s most famous female war correspondent, has written a new book, From Corsets to Camouflage, a history of women in war. We have been warned more than once. Kate Adie is not easy. She does not suffer fools and their stupid questions. At all. Many a stern figure has been dismissed with a withering glance. Politicians and generals have melted into nervous puddles in the face of her questions, thrown by those precise vowels and that machine-gun intonation.

Tough and relentless are two of the mildest adjectives used to describe Kate Adie, 58, veteran war correspondent. There is even the standing cartoonists’ sketch, dusted off every time war threatens anywhere in the world. “We can’t start yet,” says a hapless soldier, “Kate Adie hasn’t arrived.”

So is this really her? This smiling, charming woman who jokes and laughs with a wonderful, great guffaw which splits her handsome face in two, and who is dressed in a beguiling short skirt and high heels.

It turns out it is. It also turns out that the planet’s best-known female war correspondent regards a sense of humour as absolutely vital in the grim business of covering war.

“Believe me, a sense of humour is the only way to get through,” she says, sitting in a fashionable London restaurant.

“I had a colleague years and years ago whose sense of humour had been surgically removed and I began to think this man just will not survive. We were in Northern Ireland at the time, covering the hunger strikes in the ’80s, and there were the worst jokes I have ever heard. But it’s the only way. When you’re sitting out in the mud outside a prison for six hours a day, you have to have a laugh.”

Kate Adie has covered most of the major international crises of the past two decades: the 1980 Libyan embassy siege in London; the 1982 Falklands War; the bombing of Libya in 1986; the massacre in Tianamen Square, Beijing, in 1989; the 1991 Gulf War; and the Balkans War of the 1990s.

Her coverage of the Tiananmen Square massacre was unforgettable. She stepped up to the camera as students and workers were being shot behind and around her. The sky was alight with gunfire, yet she calmly delivered her report, incisive and accurate to the last.

So was that the scariest time? “I don’t have scary,” she replies, looking steely for the first time. “Purely because there are different sorts of scary. That was random firing, although we knew by the middle of the night that they were trying to target foreign journalists. There are other sorts of scary … like you’re going somewhere in Afghanistan and there could be a minefield. And another sort, where you’re actually stuck with a loony with a gun.”

Clearly, however, no scary moment was bad enough to prevent her from sallying forth to yet another life-threatening war zone.

“Well, I don’t think you should do the job unless you want to. You’ve got to be totally focused, because someone might be coming at you with a brick.”

She joined BBC TV News in London in 1979, at the age of 34. Although she covered some overseas stories, she also had two years in the early 1980s as the BBC’s royal correspondent. Not surprisingly, civic receptions and spats among members of the House of Windsor were not for her.

In early 2003, Kate announced she was leaving front-line reporting and her job as chief news correspondent to concentrate on freelance work for the BBC. She presents a weekly radio program, From Our Own Correspondent, and does a lot of charity work, mainly for breast cancer.

Her latest book, From Corsets to Camouflage , is a pithy and often-humorous history of women in uniform – in conflict and civilian roles, from nursing to the armed services – throughout the 20th century.

It is not a feminist tract, but there is little doubt she feels great empathy with her subjects and the freedom they found when they dispensed with their frocks and dressed up as men to go to war.

“So I find women are often, literally, a footnote and I thought it was time to dig them out. Not to give them a more prominent role than is realistic, but to tell some extraordinarily good tales.”

What Kate discovered by delving through archives was a host of good stories about both ordinary and famous women who did extraordinary things during wars: they were brave, stoic and resourceful.

“I did like that, going around to all those reunions and seeing the old ladies. The thing you noticed about them was that they were so full of life when they remembered those days. Because they were free in that time of war, they were out of their skirts and they could do as they wished – and not be judged just as women.”

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Facts about organ donation

Below are some facts you may not know about becoming an organ donor, and how your decision could save somebody's life.

Read our story in this month’s issue of The Australian Women’s Weekly, p.151, about little Emily, the little girl who got a second chance at life, thanks to an anonymous donor. This week marks the launch of the David Hookes Foundation, dedicated to raising awareness about organ donation. Below are some facts you may not know about becoming an organ donor, and how your decision could save somebody’s life. To register as an organ donor, call the Australian Organ Donor Register on 1800 777 203, or www.davidhookesfoundation.com.au As at January 31, 2004, there were 4,719,488 people on the Australian Donor Register. The national register was established in 2000 by the federal government to pull together the data held through state drivers’ licences. Only authorised medical personal can access this list. As at January 2, 2004, there were 1824 people awaiting a transplant. The breakdown is as follows: Kidney: 1488 Heart: 65 Liver: 110 Lung: 124 Pancreas: 29 Pancreas islets: 8 One in six of those on the waiting lists will die before an organ becomes available. There are others who never even make it onto the lists. It is common to wait up to four years for a kidney transplant, two years for a heart transplant and 1.5 years for a liver transplant. In 2003, 624 people were removed from the waiting lists thanks to 179 donors; 74 people died while waiting for a transplant. In 2002 there were 730 organ transplants from 206 donors but in the same year, 107 people died while waiting. One organ donor can save the life or dramatically improve the life of up to 10 people. You are never too old or too young to donate – for example, an 85 year old donated their kidneys to two recipients and Australia’s youngest donor was a new born baby who died of abnormal brain function and donated a liver to save the life of a one-year-old child. Children aged under 12 who want to register as a donor have to have their registration to donate authorised by a parent or guardian. Organ and tissue donation are medically possible only after brain death, which is in only one per cent of deaths. This occurs in a hospital with the body on a ventilator. There are strict laws governing what brain death means and death has to be certified by two independent doctors. Medical tests clearly show the difference between brain death and a coma. The body is kept on a ventilator to keep the organs healthy while the family is consulted. After organ donation, the body is sutured as carefully as if the person was still alive. Current legislation is state/territory based, covered by Human Tissue Acts. In essence, they state that a person can choose to be a donor and organ donation can proceed unless the wish is reversed or unless the family does not consent. If the deceased’s wishes are not apparent, consent for organ donation rests with the next of kin. While 96 per cent of Australians are supportive of organ donation, only 54 per cent of people who died of brain death become donors because in 46 per cent of cases, the family refuses to consent. That is why it is as important to tell your family of your wishes as it is to register as a donor. Different laws govern organ donation around the world. Some countries, like Spain, Austria, Belgium and France, have the opt-out system (also known as presumed consent) where everyone is considered a donor unless they make it known they do not want to be. In most countries with the opt-out system, family consent is also sought. In Austria, a person who refuses to be a donor who requires a transplant is automatically placed at the end of the waiting list. Spain has the highest rate of organ donors at 3.9 donors per 1000 deaths. The success is attributed not only to its opt-out system but its successful network of transplant corordinators in 139 intensive care units coordinated by a central agency (ONT) in Madrid. The coordinators identify potential donors by closely monitoring emergency departments and tactfully discussing the donation process with families of the deceased. Australia’s rate of organ donors per 1000 deaths is 1.5 and has remained static for a number of years. It lags behind Spain, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, France and the USA but ahead of Italy, the UK, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and New Zealand.

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Exclusive extract: the walker

This taut, terrific thriller was selected as the Great Read in the March issue of The Australian Women’s Weekly. It is a debut novel by university lecturer Jane Goodall, who lives in Sydney. Jane was born in the UK, but has spent most of her life in Australia.

This taut, terrific thriller was selected as the Great Read in the March issue of The Australian Women’s Weekly. It is a debut novel by university lecturer Jane Goodall, who lives in Sydney. Jane was born in the UK, but has spent most of her life in Australia. It was fifteen minutes walk from school to the station, or a bit more if you were carrying a heavy bag. Nell was carrying two bags: one with the week’s clothing and her growing collection of cosmetics, and the other with the weekend’s homework. The homework bag was heaviest. She changed the bags from hand to hand, to share out the drag on her arms, and every twenty paces (she counted them) she stopped to rest briefly and blow on the whitening palms of her hands.

This was going to be a heavy year. Some of her teachers said ten O levels was too much, but Nell thought ten sounded like a nice number. Mum told her to take eight and Dad said you only needed five to get into the navy, but they weren’t here – so there. Aunty Pat said ten sounded impressive. The twins had five each and she was very proud of them.

Nell had to be a weekly boarder this year and spend the weekends at Aunty Pat’s, which was all right really because she liked being with the twins and anyway she was used to it because Dad was always being posted somewhere overseas and sometimes Mum went with him. The twins were Rita and Julie, and when she got home they were all going out to the cinema together in Exeter to see Doctor Zhivago.

‘Julie’s seen it twice already,’ Rita said on the phone. ‘She’s got a crush on Omar Sharif. You’ll fall for Tom Courtenay, I know. He’s the intellectual type.’ Nell quite liked her cousins thinking she’d go for the intellectual type. She put the bags down again and flexed her hands. The new maths book was the worst thing to carry, even between classes. It was big and old and a bit smelly with a thick hard cover and an ink stain on the edge of the pages in one corner. Nell thought at least six people must have used it before. She didn’t like used books, with dirty pages and other people’s underlinings all over them. The biology book was almost new. It had glossy pages with photos of frogs pinned out for anatomy. She had a new French dictionary and an old French grammar. The English texts were old, too, but she was going to buy her own copies of those: The Mayor of Casterbridge and Book 6 of The Prelude were the ones Miss Crabbe announced they would be doing this term and she said that all the girls should try to have them.

Miss Crabbe was called Crabby, but she wasn’t. She even smiled when they said it. ‘Hey, Crabby, are there any good sex scenes in this book?’ She was a lot younger than the other teachers and looked a lot happier. She had a Sandie Shaw haircut and wore purple tights and in summer term she wore a Mary Quant dress. This term she came to school in a trouser suit. The girls crowded round her after assembly. ‘You could be a model,’ they said.

It took Nell twenty minutes to get to the station and that left only ten minutes to wait for the Exeter train. Or buses. But she specially hated waiting for the Friday train at the end of the day, when it was getting all gloomy. She positioned her bags near the edge of the platform, and brushed the front of her school mac with her hands. It had been dry-cleaned for the new term but still looked faded and limp, and it flapped around in the wind. Nell wished she had a trouser suit like Crabby, with a big fold-back collar and two rows of buttons. In her school bag was a copy of Honey magazine with all the autumn clothes in it. She’d bought it after school on Wednesday – the day it came out – but had saved it for reading on the train.

There weren’t many people waiting on the platform – fewer than usual for the 5.10. Some of the trains had corridors but the 5.10 from Penzance often didn’t. It just had separate compartments with a door at each side of the carriage, so once you were in, you were in. Nell knew better than to get into a compartment where she’d be on her own, so she usually tried to pick out someone on the platform who’d be safe to travel with. Some other girls if possible, or, failing that, any woman would do, really. That’s what her mother advised her. But the only other people waiting today were a man with an umbrella, who would probably go first class, and a couple of boys from the high school. A lot of Nell’s friends would have got in with the boys. They didn’t look exactly dangerous, but Nell didn’t want anyone thinking she was ‘boy mad,’ least of all the boys themselves. It was always better to play hard to get, Rita and Julie told her.

When the train drew in, a student in a green duffle coat got out and held the door for Nell, his long hair blowing across his face. She checked quickly inside. There was a dumpy, middle-aged woman in the corner opposite who seemed to be asleep, and that was good because Nell didn’t want to get drawn into aimless chat. She shut the door, put her bags on the seat and pulled the window up a bit. The man in the duffle coat had pushed it right down, so it must have been freezing with all the cold air rushing through. She arranged her bags on the seat beside her and got out her magazine.

The autumn fashion colours were amazing. Twiggy was wearing a dress in rich chocolate corduroy with mustard tights and a rust coloured blouse from Biba in some shiny material that draped into big gathered sleeves. Over the page was the perfect trouser suit: deep burnt orange with a blue pin-stripe. The jacket was long – ‘military length,’ said the description – and had a lovely curved shape, fitted close around the ribs, then floated out to the hem. The trousers were flared too, and the model wore high heeled boots under them. Jean Muir trouser suit, fourteen pounds fifty. Nell could not afford more than twelve pounds even if she saved up most of her dress allowance for the term. Perhaps when she went to university in a few years time she’d be able to buy a trouser suit from her student grant and throw away her old school mac, which was smelling horribly of dry-cleaning fluid.

She kept turning pages, then stopped to read an article about Lynn Redgrave. It said that Lynn had always been the ugly duckling in her glamorous family, because she was plump and self-conscious while her sister Vanessa was being called ‘the most beautiful actress in England,’ but now everybody was raving about Lynn in Georgy Girl and saying that she could be the most talented of all the Redgraves. Nell lost interest in the article. She hadn’t seen Georgy Girl and, besides, her eyes were stinging. Maybe from too much reading.

Her gaze slid across to the window. The dark was closing in outside and the lights in the carriage were reflecting on the glass, so she had to put her face right up to it to see. The bushes were black shadows along the railway line, with an eerie glow around them because the sky was still letting through shafts of light that showed the high points of the moors further away. If this was Dartmoor, they must already have passed Ivybridge, but the train wouldn’t stop till Torquay. The glass was cold against Nell’s forehead and the rattling of the train made her teeth vibrate. She drew back and saw the compartment reflected, with the hills and tress rushing through it like ghosts.

The train went over some points and jolted from side to side so Nell’s magazine nearly slipped from under her hand. She caught it as it was about to fall, and that was when she noticed something running along the floor of the carriage. At first she thought it was a trickle of water, but it was thick and dark, and then another streaked across after it, and another, and another. Nell lifted her feet off the floor in a sudden reflex, as she recognised that the liquid was dark red and spreading everywhere.

Although she hardly realised it, she was already screaming as she looked at the woman opposite and saw the bib of red stuff soaking into the sheepskin collar, gathering in the woollen lap and seeping steadily through onto the floor. Nell threw down the window and screamed for help out into the night, fighting for breath against the great thumping beats of her own heart. It was a full two minutes before it occurred to her to pull the emergency cord.

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Interview with Jane Goodall

Jane Goodall's novel, The Walker (Hodder) has been selected as the Great Read in the March issue of The Australian Women's Weekly.

Jane Goodall’s novel, The Walker (Hodder) has been selected as the Great Read in the March issue of The Australian Women’s Weekly. Q Congratulations on your debut novel, The Walker – it’s a terrific thriller. A Thank you, obviously it’s just lovely for me to have this happen – really lovely. Q I believe the plot for The Walker originated on a train trip in the UK? A Curiously enough that episode at the start of the book – which is about a young schoolgirl travelling by train in the UK – came to me while I was in Australia. And I was remembering the train trips I used to do, because like the girl in the opening chapter, I went to a weekly boarding school in Plymouth for a while and it specialised in taking the daughters of navy personnel who were away a lot and travelled around the world. I did exactly what she does, which was to carry my bag to the train station every Friday night, to go home to Exeter. Q Where was the train going in Australia when all this came to mind? A Umm, I was actually driving down to Hyams Beach in southern NSW. I’d been writing – I’d tried to write a couple of novels set in Australia, before. But they got too complicated and I couldn’t finish them. This one seemed to sort of come to me, almost like a dream. Not an idealistic dream but just like a book comes at you. Q It floated into your brain as you were driving down the highway? A Yes, I mean, my husband was driving and I was dreaming. But it’s odd that I chose to have this day-dream going right back to England, when I’d been trying to write Australian based fiction. Q I suppose the fact that you were on the move made you think of the train trips of your childhood? A Yes and it was quite a nice time, because we were going on holiday at the end of a hard year, so I felt a bit freed up in my mind. Q You were born in Yorkshire in the UK, then moved to Australia aged six and it was your father’s work that brought you out here? A Yes, he taught at Adelaide University. He was a lecturer in literature. Q Then you moved back to the UK during your high school years and attended the University of London, where you got what kind of degree? A English Literature. Q Why did you return to Oz after that? A I hankered to go back to Australia all my teenage years. I married quite young and I came here with my husband. He was looking for jobs and I encouraged him to look for one in Australia. Q What made you hanker to return here? A Everything about it. The openness of Australia. The climate. I think the social openness, as well. Adelaide in the 1950s was a real mixture. There was a lot of migration following the war. I remember people from Poland and Germany and Africa and all sorts of places. But I remembered going to a primary school where there were many different kinds of backgrounds. I think I’ve remained more comfortable in mixed environments. Mixed cultural backgrounds, interests and expectations in life. Mixed in the style of talking and thinking about the world. Q So Australia embedded itself in you by giving you an ease in those sorts of surrounds? A That’s right. And because of moving all the time in my childhood, I was always the outsider. I’m now very uncomfortable with someone who has a strong insider feel to them. It doesn’t really matter what they’re inside of (laughing), I can’t quite feel comfortable. I teach now at the University of Western Sydney, a classic place for people who are all outsiders in a way. Most people there come from somewhere else. Q You lecture in drama there? A Well, drama has been my main area. Q So what year was it you returned to Australia to live? A I’m strangely inaccurate about these things. I think it was 1975. Q How many years have you been married? A Hmmm, I think I was married in 1973. Q Husband’s first name? A Peter Q Job? A He works at Macquarie University as an English lecturer. Q I read that one of the reasons you wrote a thriller is that it’s because you enjoy reading the genre – are you a fan of any particular author? A A lot of them are historical. I love the Sherlock Holmes stories. And I love Wilkie Collins. I love Dickens. And Henry James’ ghost stories. And the ghost stories by M.R. James. I love thrillers with a touch of the supernatural. Like a flicker on the edge of your vision. Something you can’t quite get. Q Do you like contemporary thriller writers? A Nicci French is one of the most consistent ones. I think they are stunning with the kind of intensity they build. Q Once the idea for this novel took hold, you did a lot of research around London? A Yes, because my parents are getting quite old, I’ve been trying to go there every two years. I think I only had one trip to England during the process of writing the book over two years. I did do a huge amount of walking around London. That’s what I love doing anyway, walking around cities. So I walked all around the ‘Ripper Mile’. And I walked around the Vine Street, Piccadilly area. And the area where the girls in the book have a flat, I actually lived in myself. Q Were you just observing or taking meticulous notes? A I just soaked it in. I don’t really like research with a capital “R” in fiction. Fiction is not about research. Research helps to make it convincing. I had read a bit about Vine Street, station and that had intrigued me. It was only open for a short time and what I read about it, everyone complained about what a daggy place it was. There was something slightly comical about mismatched people going to a daggy station. I also read somewhere (I’m fascinated by what it is people want to read) that people want to read about working life. That really became the focus. That the police station was where working life takes place. There’s a sort of workaholic devil in Policewoman Briony, the main character in The Walker, who doesn’t know when to stop. Q I liked Briony’s persistence and strength of character – will we be seeing her in another book? A I’m trying to work on a new one now and on a slightly more mature role for Briony, who’s actually in charge of an investigation. Q I really liked the complexity and the depth of The Walker – did you let the plot roll and see where it took you or did you do a fair amount of planning first? A A bit of both. What I wanted to do more than anything was write a plot. Because that was what I found I was increasingly wanting to read. I couldn’t help thinking, surely if you get the plot right, it has to be good. I didn’t work it out in advance, I find I can’t really do that. I was very interested to read that Gabrielle Lord works her plots out in extraordinary detail, in advance. I write to find out what happens. And that’s what keeps me going, but I had to control it as well. Had to sort of balance it, figure out that there were certain places that you were going to get to. So some of it was plotted, but other things would be surprises. The trouble with the two things I tried to write before I abandoned them, was that I didn’t know what was going to happen and people kept going missing and I didn’t know where they were. And then a new character would turn up and I still didn’t know where they were. Both are about 70,000 words long and there are about 50 characters, with lost people I couldn’t find. So I had to get more disciplined (laughing). If you lose them you have to find them! Otherwise you don’t have a plot. I think what I’d written hadn’t worked was the reason I was absolutely determined to make The Walker work. I had learned from my mistakes. It was a lot of work. There was a lot of false starts that had to be re-done. Very radical re-writing and re-direction at various stages. Q Did you work as your own editor or did you bounce stuff off someone, such as your husband? A I used to bore Peter by telling him what was in it and his eyes would glaze over. Until I’d finished it. Then he said ‘I’ve got nothing to read.’ He’s the most critical person and he liked it. So that was quite a good sign. Q What was your reaction when the agent rang and told you she loved it? A That was amazing to me. In fact Peter taught the agent’s sister. And they were talking about cookery books. She and her sister have written a cookery book. And she was just telling the story how the book has stayed in print for 20 years. And he was fascinated by that. Then he mentioned that I’d written a thriller and she asked her sister if she’d read it. The convention is to send the first 50 pages. I can still remember I posted it off on a Wednesday – and I write academic books and I’m quite accustomed to not hearing anything for three months. But on Monday morning at 9am the phone rang and it was the agent saying, “well, you’ve got me in, so where is the rest?” And in fact I did have the rest. I had intended to do a bit more polishing and there were still a few unresolved things. I worked really really hard on it and gave it back to her within four weeks. She then read it and sent it to Hodder. Q You must have been amazed with the speed with which all this happened. A Well yes, in a way it’s slightly unreal. But it is one of the best things that can happen to you. To do something for pleasure and it actually works. It’s just been a lovely thing. And of course now I’ve got a whole new set of things to worry about. I’ve got to get the second one to work. Q It’s funny how you’ve lived in Australian all this time and yet you’re drawn back to the UK as the setting for The Walker, your first thriller? A That’s true and there’s an interesting kind of cultural thing … one of the things that intrigues me in thrillers is if someone can capture a sense of evil. There must be some real shiver in a thriller. To do that you have to send the evil back into history. It has to come from somewhere many generations ago. I feel quite comfortable doing it in a country like England, where there’s a culture that goes back many generations. In Australia I would have no right to try to write about something that goes back before white settlement. So there’s an interesting kind of issue there. I suppose, in a way, there is an indigenous kind of evil here that seems to belong to the land. Q In terms of spookiness, don’t you think London’s dark lanes and architecture is better than Sydney’s dazzling blue skies and water? A Yes, well there’s a huge tourist trade in spooky London. Also, I like the idea of London in the summer. And outdoors. For a writer it’s a bigger challenge than inside, night-time – winter is a classic setting for a thriller. Q The crimes in your thriller are very gruesome – where did all that come from? A I suppose I depended on historical stuff. Hogarth was a very sinister image maker. I went around the Hogarth collection … I think it’s just that ability to tap into history, but I fully intend to come back to Australia. To set a book in Australia. What I might do is send this character, Briony, out to Australia to work on a case. Q Has writing a novel been a long-time ambition? A It hasn’t been a burning ambition, but it’s always nagged at me. I can remember at one stage when my son was very little and I had a full-time job, I used to think if only there was an extra hour in the day I could use it for writing fiction. It was as if it was a metaphor for some other time, some other place. I suppose as my son grew up I started to get a little bit more space – I found if I was persistent I could do it in little bits of time. Because it was a kind of dreaming. I’d often write late at night. I used to think of scenes as I was going to sleep. It’s a very nice, other dimension to life. Q Any other authors in your family? A My brother Mark, he’s interested in ancient forms of civilisation. And I always learn a lot from him. He’s a couple of years older. And I have a younger brother who is an academic. And a step-sister as well. Q Are they all UK based? A Yes. Q How old is your son and what’s his name? A He’s 26 and his name is Jonathan. His great vocation is for martial arts. Q Do you have any pets? A Oooh yes … an elderly and very spoiled Jack Russell called Jack. Q You’ve made a program for Radio National called Science For The Popular Mind? A Yes, last time I was talking to them they were thinking of putting it to air right at the beginning of January. Q That’s an unusual combination. On one hand, you’re a lecturer in drama, on the other, you’re making radio programs on the history of science? A I’m a bit hard to classify. I’m a bit promiscuous (laughing). I have a very strong interest in the history of science and I have written a book about natural history and the performing arts, and the very strong relationship between them. Q You were born in 1951 – what month? A May. Q So what star sign is that? A Gemini.

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Depression

From The Australian Women's Weekly Health Series: Depression. Buy the Book.

From The Australian Women’s Weekly Health Series: Depression. Buy the Book. What causes depression? Medical research indicates that for most people there is not a simple social, psychological or medical explanation for their depression. Instead, there is likely to be a complex interaction between internal and external factors. People who get depressed are more likely to have certain individual (or internal) factors such as past bad experiences, stronger family histories of depression and anxiety or certain unhelpful personality, thinking or coping styles.

Individual (internal) factors The types of past experience that often matter include a difficult early family life, poor relationships with parents or sexual abuse. Depression often runs in families, indicating both genetic and early home environment effects. The genetic contribution varies from family to family and in some families is very strong. Depression and anxiety are often underpinned by changes in key brain chemicals, such as serotonin, noradrenaline or dopamine. In addition to depression, anxiety, alcohol and other drug abuse, and suicidal behaviour also run in families.

Social (external) factors Depression and anxiety often don’t just come out of the blue. Although some acute life events (for example, job loss, marital separation) may precipitate a depressive episode it is just as likely that depression leads to many life difficulties such as poor work performance and marital disputes. Chronic life problems such as long-term unemployment, marital dysfunction or caring for a sick relative are more important social stressors than most acute life difficulties.

Alcohol and other drug abuse People often become depressed in the context of ongoing alcohol and other drug abuse. Many people develop problems with alcohol or drugs because they have had earlier problems with anxiety or some other psychological difficulty. The longer they use these drugs, however, the more likely they are to develop a significant depressive illness. After a few years it becomes irrelevant which problem came first.

Medical factors There are a series of medical conditions that are commonly associated with depression. Illnesses that affect the brain (such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and traumatic brain injuries) are particular likely to lead to depression. Other hormonal problems such as an underactive thyroid gland or hormonal treatments such as steroid medications may be associated with depression.

The doctor may well recommend specific blood tests or other medical investigations to rule out a medical cause. In older persons, a brain scan may be performed, as subtle blood vessel changes in the brain can often underpin the onset of depression.

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Constipation

From The Australian Women's Weekly Health Series: Constipation. Buy the Book.

From The Australian Women’s Weekly Health Series: Constipation. Buy the Book. A Time and Motion Study Constipation – the delayed or abnormal transportation of faeces to the rectum – is a common bowel problem. It occurs when faeces are hard and difficult to pass or are passed less than 3 times a week. The problem usually affects women and young boys, although many people have constipation at different stages of their lives. It is not a disease, but a sign that something is wrong. Side effects of some medications can also slow down the bowel.

The six Cs of continence and constipation: COMMANDER: the brain and nerves, including the complex network in the gastrointestinal tract, and the chemical substances released to make the tract muscles contract CONTAINER: the gastrointestinal tract CONVEYER: coordinated muscle contraction and movement of the contents (motility) CONTENTS: amount and consistency of faeces CANAL: lower rectum and anus CONTROL: pelvic floor muscle function

Problems in any of these six areas can cause constipation. The conveyer (motility), for example, may be affected by the quantity and chemical make-up of food or faeces in any part of the system, the effects of gut hormones, “stop-go” switches within the nerve network, female sex hormones and the emotions. For example, depression can slow things down.

What not to eat: Certain foods may produce excess wind, causing discomfort. While some of them may be good for people with a normal bowel, they make the problem worse for those with altered bowel movement. Culprits include:

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Successful long-term losers

When it comes to weight loss, there’s a lot to learn from people who have lost the weight long-term. Although it’s relatively easy to lose weight initially, especially if you follow a structured diet or program, keeping the weight off is a much harder task.

When it comes to weight loss, there’s a lot to learn from people who have lost the weight long-term.

Although it’s relatively easy to lose weight initially, especially if you follow a structured diet or program, keeping the weight off is a much harder task. Nutrition researchers are still uncovering the best approach to weight loss, but some interesting findings have come out of American research that tracks people on a National Weight Control Registry.

3,000 plus participants who had successfully maintained weight loss over a five-year period were quizzed on their habits. The research revealed that even though people followed many different plans to lose weight, they had a lot of eating and lifestyle habits in common during the maintenance phase.

Let’s look at four of these habits and look at how you could adopt them into your weight loss plan.

2. Keep a record Making changes that last requires you to analyse your current habits and patterns. You might think you know your own emotional cues for comfort eating, but it’s amazing how patterns emerge when you write everything down. TIP: A food log, also called a food diary, can help you analyse your eating habits and patterns.

3. Pack a snack Participants on the registry commonly ate up to five meals a day. Healthy snacks keep your energy levels up between meals and stop that ravenous hunger that means you’re more likely to overeat at the main meal. Including mid-meal snacks into your healthy eating plan is a great way to assist your weight loss goals. TIP: If you’re out and about a lot, pack snacks to go like grain and fruit based bars, fruit snacks in natural juice, air-popped popcorn or drinking yogurt.

4. Monitor weight Participants also regularly monitored their weight, usually weekly, in order to readjust their habits if the weight started to creep back on. TIP: After achieving your healthy goal weight it’s a great idea to treat yourself to some new, well fitting clothes. By getting rid of your “old me” clothes you’ll be forced to make some fine tuning if you feel the waist line pinching a little.

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Do you dare skip on dairy?

Latest research shows that certain oils could be essential in killing harmful bacteria.

Latest research shows that certain oils could be essential in killing harmful bacteria. The essential oils thyme, rosewood, and oregano, may kill certain bacteria, including those that cause pneumonia, reported researchers at a recent American Society of Microbiology meeting. According to the report, the oils caused the microorganism cells to die.

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Bone builders

Honey has never tasted so sweet.

Honey has never tasted so sweet. Honey contains low to moderate levels of antioxidants, according to researchers at the University of Illinois. But not all honeys are the same. The antioxidant content of honey from bees fed on buckwheat, for example, was 20 times higher than that of the honey from bees fed on sage. Darker honeys, such as New Zealand’s manuka, can have a higher antioxidant levels that lighter varieties.

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