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Fructose malabsorption

What is fructose?

Fructose is a naturally occurring type of sugar found in many fruits, some vegetables and honey. Just like with lactose (milk sugar) intolerance, it appears that not everyone has the ability to absorb fructose properly.

Why is fructose malabsorption a problem?

Researchers are now concentrating on investigating the role fructose malabsorption plays in the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly in people diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome.

When fructose is not fully digested it is passed from the digestive tract to the colon, where the gut bacteria use the fructose as a food source. In the process hydrogen gas is produced and symptoms of bloating, cramps and diarrhoea may be experienced.

How is fructose malabsorption diagnosed?

Fructose malabsorption can be diagnosed via hydrogen breath tests and a low fructose diet is prescribed. Unfortunately the diet is not as simple as just monitoring your fruit intake, as many commercial foods use a type of fructose as their sweetener. Also fruits differ in their fructose content and their fructose to glucose ratio, which determines the extent of malabsorption.

Do people with fructose malabsorption give up fruit?

In conjunction with a gastroenterologist, an Accredited Practising Dietitian will be able to advise on what foods to exclude and also ensure that the overall diet stays nutritionally adequate. Generally people with fructose malabsorption can still enjoy certain fruits and get the minimum 2 serves a day recommended for all adults.

You can search for an Accredited Practising Dietitian in your area at: www.daa.asn.au

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5 hidden food traps

Many so-called healthy foods contain excessive sugar, salt and fat. Here’s what to look for – and avoid:

Breakfast cereal

Your breakfast cereal should have an ingredient list that starts with whole grains, and provides at least 5g of fibre per serving. If your brand is low in fibre, stir in some oat bran.

Fruit snacks

Yogurt-covered raisins and fruit leathers may contain added sugar and saturated fat. Opt for unadorned fruits and vegetables instead. Dried fruit is nutritious but kilojoule-dense, so make it a small snack only.

Juice

This satisfies thirst, not hunger, so you can consume a lot of kilojoules without realising it. Commercial juice can lack the fibre important for good digestion and blood sugar control. Buy 100 per cent juice with no added sugar and limit your intake. If you’re thirsty, pour a 50:50 blend of juice and sparkling water.

Soup

Like many processed foods, packaged soup may be packed with sodium. Cream soups can be high in saturated fat and partially hydrogenated fat. If you don’t have time to make your own, look for a low-sodium vegetable soup and boost the protein and fibre by stirring in a can of beans.

Yogurt

Some yogurts can contain added sugar or artificial sweeteners. Instead, learn to love the tangy flavour of plain low-fat yoghurt. Add your own fresh or dried fruit.

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Exercise and disease prevention

In studies that have compared physically active subjects with their sedentary counterparts, it has been found that those that are more active develop protective defenses against many chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. Let's take a closer look at the mechanisms involved.

In studies that have compared physically active subjects with their sedentary counterparts, it has been found that those that are more active develop protective defenses against many chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. Let’s take a closer look at the mechanisms involved.

Diabetes and exercise

Exercise is known to improve glucose control, i.e. muscle sensitivity to insulin, so that more glucose is taken up by muscles, less glucose is released from the liver and less insulin is produced by the pancreas. This has the effect of decreasing blood glucose levels, improving glucose control, and insulin response and insulin sensitivity.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and exercise

Many studies have found an inverse relationship between physical activity and the development of CAD or “narrowing of the arteries” from the formation of cholesterol plaques. Regular physical activity improves fitness levels and decreases CAD risk by lowering blood pressure, slowing the rise in heart rate during exercise, along with lowering blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Exercise also leads to decreased blood clotting activity at rest, reduced red blood cell stickiness and increased insulin sensitivity.

Osteoporosis and exercise

Osteoporosis is characterised by low bone density (BD) and low bone mineral content (BMC), both of which are lost through the ageing process. In many studies physical activity (particularly weight bearing and strength training types) has been found to increase or maintain BD and BMC and thus prevent the development of osteoporosis.

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Matching foundation

Question

I never know how to select the correct colour foundation for my skin tone – a friend advised me that because I am fair with pink undertones, I should look for a more yellow-based foundation. Is this true, or should I be trying to match my skin colour?

Narelle, via email.

Answer

When selecting the perfect foundation for your skin tone follow these 6 simple steps:

  1. Match foundation exactly to the side of your face – not your hand.

  2. Find one that blends so exactly that it looks like you’re not wearing it.

  3. Choose a foundation with yellowish, not pinkish, tones.

  4. Only buy a foundation you can actually test on your face.

  5. Check the foundation in the daylight – go outside and make sure the foundation blends in and matches the colour of your neck.

  6. You may need one shade for summer, a slightly lighter one for winter.

  1. Match foundation exactly to the side of your face – not your hand.

  2. Find one that blends so exactly that it looks like you’re not wearing it.

  3. Choose a foundation with yellowish, not pinkish, tones.

  4. Only buy a foundation you can actually test on your face.

  5. Check the foundation in the daylight – go outside and make sure the foundation blends in and matches the colour of your neck.

  6. You may need one shade for summer, a slightly lighter one for winter.

The AWW Beauty Team

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Solution for soft nails

Question

I have very soft nails. Is there anyway I can strengthen them?

Kim, via email.

Answer

In order to strengthen weak nails you need to start by keeping them short, rubbing lanolin in every day and keeping the cuticles pushed back so they grow strong from the base. Also, using a three-way buffer, use the smooth side to buff every night to create heat and circulate blood around the nail. These simple steps should help to strength your nails within three months.

The AWW Beauty Team

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Hair dye disasters – How to avoid them

Question:

I want to dye my hair at home, but when I go to the chemist to by a colour I get really confused by what type of dye to buy? I’m a bit nervous about it because I don’t want to do something shocking to my hair! Please help!

Kate, via email.

Answer:

Depending on the effect you are trying to gain and how long you want the colour to last, there are basically three types of colouring product for hair:

Temporary colours: are designed to add tone, condition and shine. They are simple to apply and wash out, lasting between three and eight shampoos.

Semi-permanent colours: are more long lasting (between 12 and 20 or so washes) and are useful in imparting shine and deep conditioning to the hair.

Permanent colours: will change the colour of your hair. They do not wash out and will last until the hair grows, so they need regular touch ups to disguise regrowth and maintain shine.

The AWW Beauty Team

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Exercise and disease prevention

In studies that have compared physically active subjects with their sedentary counterparts, it has been found that those that are more active develop protective defenses against many chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. Let’s take a closer look at the mechanisms involved.

Diabetes and exercise

Exercise is known to improve glucose control, i.e. muscle sensitivity to insulin, so that more glucose is taken up by muscles, less glucose is released from the liver and less insulin is produced by the pancreas. This has the effect of decreasing blood glucose levels, improving glucose control, and insulin response and insulin sensitivity.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and exercise

Many studies have found an inverse relationship between physical activity and the development of CAD or “narrowing of the arteries” from the formation of cholesterol plaques. Regular physical activity improves fitness levels and decreases CAD risk by lowering blood pressure, slowing the rise in heart rate during exercise, along with lowering blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Exercise also leads to decreased blood clotting activity at rest, reduced red blood cell stickiness and increased insulin sensitivity.

Osteoporosis and exercise

Osteoporosis is characterised by low bone density (BD) and low bone mineral content (BMC), both of which are lost through the ageing process. In many studies physical activity (particularly weight bearing and strength training types) has been found to increase or maintain BD and BMC and thus prevent the development of osteoporosis.

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Fred Bare boy/girl sweater

MEASUREMENTS

These garments are designed to be a generous fit.

**MATERIALS

**

**BOY’S OR GIRL’S SWEATER

BACK**

Using 4.00mm Needles, cast on 82 (90-98) sts.

Knit 5 rows garter st (1st row is wrong side). **

Work in stocking st until work measures 27 (30-32) cm from beg, ending with a purl row.

SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLES – Cast off 2 (2-3) sts at beg of next 2 rows … 78 (86-92) sts.

Dec one st at each end of next row, then in every foll alt row until 28 (38-34) sts rem, then in every row until 26 (28-32) sts rem.

Leave rem sts on a stitch-holder.

FRONT

Work as for Back to **.

For Girl’s version – Work in stocking st until work measures 27 (30-32) cm from beg, ending with a purl row.

For Boy’s version – Work in stocking st until work measures 7 (8-9) cm from beg, ending with a purl row.

Beg feature hole patt – 1st row – K63 (71-79), K2tog, M1, sl 1, K1, psso, K15 …81 (89-97) sts.

2nd row – P15, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P63 (71-79).

3rd row – K62 (70-78), K2tog, K1, sl 1, K1, psso, K14 … 79 (87-95) sts.

4th row – P14, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P62 (70-78).

5th row – K61 (69-77), K2tog, K1, sl 1, K1, psso, K13 … 77 (85-93) sts.

6th row – P13, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P61 (69-77).

7th row – K60 (68-76), K2tog, K1, sl 1, K1, psso, K12 … 75 (83-91) sts.

8th row – P12, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P60 (68-76).

9th row – K59 (67-75), K2tog, M1, K1, M1, sl 1, K1, psso, K11 … 75 (83-91) sts.

10th row – P11, P1tbl, P3, P1tbl, P59 (67-75).

11th row – K59 (67-75), K1tbl, K3, K1tbl, K11.

12th row – P11, P1tbl, P3, P1tbl, P59 (67-75).

Rep 11th and 12th rows once.

15th row – K59 (67-75), M1, K1tbl, drop next st on left hand needle off needle and leave, K1, drop next st on left hand needle off needle and leave, K1tbl, M1, K11.

16th row – P12, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P60 (68-76).

17th row – K60 (68-76), M1, K1tbl, K1, K1tbl, M1, K12 … 77 (85-93) sts.

18th row – P13, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P61 (69-77).

19th row – K61 (69-77), M1, K1tbl, K1, K1tbl, M1, K13 … 79 (87-95) sts.

20th row – P14, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P62 (70-78).

21st row – K62 (70-78), M1, K1tbl, K1, K1tbl, M1, K14 … 81 (89-97) sts.

22nd row – P15, P1tbl, P1, P1tbl, P63 (71-79).

23rd row – K63 (71-79), M1, K1tbl, drop next st on left hand needle off needle and leave, K1tbl, M1, K15 … 82 (90-98) sts.

24th row – P16, P2tbl, P64 (72-80) … thus completing feature hole patt.

NOTE – With your fingers, gently unravel the sts dropped off needle, these sts will stop unravelling at the original point that they were introduced (at the M1).

Cont in stocking st for rem, until work measures 27 (30-32) cm from beg, ending with a purl row.

SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLES (for both versions) – Cast off 2 (2-3) sts at beg of next 2 rows … 78 (86-92) sts.

Dec one st at each end of next row, then in every foll alt row until 44 (52-54) sts rem.

Work 1 row.

DIVIDE FOR FRONT OPENING – 1st row – K2tog, K17 (21-22), yfwd, K2tog,

K1 (eyelet hole), turn.

Cont on these 21 (25-26) sts.

2nd row – K2, purl to end.

3rd row – K2tog, knit to end … 20 (24-25) sts.

4th row – As 2nd row.

5th row – K2tog, knit to last 3 sts, yfwd, K2tog, K1 (eyelet hole) … 19 (23-24) sts.

6th row – As 2nd row.

7th row – K2tog, knit to end … 18 (22-23) sts.

  • SHAPE NECK – Next row – Cast off 6 (7-8) sts, purl to end … 12 (15-15) sts.

Next row – K2tog, knit to end … 11 (14-14) sts.

* Dec one st at armhole edge in alt rows 3 (2-5) times, then in every row 1 (5-1) time/s, AT SAME TIME dec one st at neck edge in every row 5 (5**-6) times … 2 sts.

Next row – K2tog. Fasten off. ***

Join yarn to rem sts, K1, K2tog, yfwd (eyelet hole), knit to last 2 sts, K2tog … 21 (25-26) sts.

Cont on these 21 (25-26) sts.

1st row – Purl to last 2 sts, K2.

2nd row – Knit to last 2 sts, K2tog … 20 (24-25) sts

3rd row – As 1st row.

4th row – K1, K2tog, yfwd (eyelet hole), knit to last 2 sts, K2tog … 19 (23-24) sts.

5th row – As 1st row.

6th row – As 2nd row … 18 (22-23) sts.

7th row – As 1st row.

SHAPE NECK – Cast off 6 (7-8) sts at beg of next row, knit to last 2 sts, K2tog … 11 (14-14) sts.

Rep from to .

SLEEVES

Using 4.00mm Needles, cast on 45 sts.

1st row – P6, (K1, P1) 3 times, K1, P6, rep from to end.

2nd row – K6, (P1, K1) 3 times, P1, K6, rep from to end.

Rep 1st and 2nd rows 8 times … 18 rows rib in all.

Work 6 rows stocking st.

25th row – K2, M1, knit to last 2 sts, M1, K2 … 47 sts.

Cont in stocking st (beg with a purl row), inc one st (as before) at each end of every foll 8th (8th-10th) row until there are 53 (49-59) sts, then in foll 10th (10th-12th) row/s until there are 57 (59-61) sts.

Cont without shaping until work measures 28 (33-38) cm (or length desired) from beg, ending with a purl row.

SHAPE RAGLAN – Cast off 2 (2-3) sts at beg of next 2 rows … 53 (55-55) sts. Dec one st at each end of next row, then in every foll 4th row until 45 (45-37) sts rem, then in alt rows until 9 (11-13) sts rem.

Work 1 row.

Leave rem sts on stitch-holder.

NECKBAND

Using wool needle and back-stitch, join raglan seams noting that tops of sleeves form part of neckline. With right side facing and using 3.25mm Needles, knit up 14 (17-20) sts evenly along right side of neck, knit across sts from right sleeve stitch-holder, knit across sts from back stitch-holder, knit across sts from left sleeve stitch-holder, then knit up 14 (17-20) sts evenly along left side of neck … 72 (84-98) sts.

1st row – Knit.

2nd row – K1, K2tog, yfwd (eyelet hole), knit to last 3 sts, yfwd, K2tog (eyelet hole), K1 … 6 eyelet holes in all.

Knit 3 rows garter st.

Cast off loosely knitways.

MAKE UP

With a slightly damp cloth and warm iron, press lightly on wrong side. Using wool needle, sew in all ends. Using wool needle and back-stitch, join side and sleeve seams. For Boy’s version – Using 2 strands of yarn, make a twisted cord 75 cm long and thread through eyelet holes on front opening. For Girl’s version – Thread leather thonging through eyelet holes on front opening. For both versions – Using wool needle, work blanket stitch around lower edge of Back, Front and Sleeves as pictured. Press seams.

Pattern supplied by Patons, freecall 1800 333 642.

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The Italian Romance

Exclusive Extract from The Italian Romance by Joanne Carroll.

One thing I know for sure is that whoever she is, this woman who knows my family, I do not want to meet her in full view of a voracious pack of strangers. I get up. I must have lost my balance, for whatever-his-name-is has grabbed my arm to steady me. I pull away without a word and walk towards the gardenia bed. It’s a quiet spot, partly shaded by the overhang of the roof. The bed separates the flagged stone terrace from the miraculously green lawn. I could lie down on that greenness, and feel its dampness on my cheek.

“Lilian,” I hear Margaret say, “where are you running off to?” She is behind me. “I’ve got her,” she says. I turn slowly. Margaret is flushing from an infill of wine. I am trying to keep my gaze directly on her, to examine the left side of her neck which has caught the sun a little too much today, a little redness, a little rawness. I raise my sight so I can be abhorred by the tidal swim of her eyes, always her dead giveaway even as she manages to walk erect and in a straight line.

I can hear the other woman’s breathing. Her presence is so overpowering that I feel my own chest crushed by it. I now attempt to look at her. I can manage, with a laboured forcing of sinews in my neck, to take in the bodice of her dress and above it the pale honey skin married by a few, not many, large freckles. So terribly familiar. I know it. I know it in my bones. I feel a silence falling on me like rain. I am silenced, and sure, and standing in front of her as naked as Eve. There isn’t another thing I can do.

She says, “I am Francesca.”

And with her words, I am pinched into awareness. I realise that she is the scared one. Her voice tells me. I have such a desire to reach out and hold her, to say, “There, there” to her, to make the bad people go away and not hurt her any more.

And she says in a stronger voice, maybe a violent voice, “Bernard Malone’s daughter.”

“I know who you are,” I say. I don’t know how I sound to her, or to Margaret. Do I sound tender, or hard? How can Margaret not see?

I look to the chin raised against me, the clench of the jaw. She is everything at once to me, middle-aged woman as she undoubtedly is, rebellious youngster, frightened child on her first day at school. And my baby. My precious, precious.

“I am sorry not to have contacted you. I only knew it was Rome. I didn’t have an address, of course,” She sounds so like me. So bitter.

“Of course,” I reply. Is there something else I should have said? Yes, I think so, for she looks at me with acid in her gaze. I am burned by her. It is a long time since I have been so unsure of my footing. I am quite sedate usually, smooth as a swan.

Fairly fluent, too, on a good day. She is avoiding my eyes. I have the chance to indulge myself and I take it. I stare hard at her, the eyebrows which lack distinction in the same way as mine but which, for some reason, I find in her overwhelmingly and vulnerably lovely. She oozes sweat on the mound of her chin, tiny bubbles, and beside her nose are two moist wings. She is nervous.

And now she rubs her arm. Thank God I didn’t do it first. She is protecting herself, one arm across her chest. She is brave. Braver than I am. I am proud of her.

I smell a waft of Margaret’s need to swim in our private sea, not just ours of course but anyone’s, anyone’s apart from her husband’s and more cogently her own. She is growing agitated with the delay. I wish I had the balls to tell her what to do with herself.

Francesca also wakens to Margaret, and I watch her slide a disdainful glance towards the poor creature. I touch Francesca’s elbow. The slightest and most embarrassed, most aware of touches, and only with the tip of my finger. I don’t want to offend. But it is sufficient signal to her, and we both turn away from our unwelcome partner. I take one step, and so does she. We each walk another five or six paces. Margaret is cast adrift.

“I’ll give you my address,” I say. “Where are you staying?”

“Off the Via Veneto,” she says. I note she with-holds the name of the hotel.

“My card is in my bag.” I restrain an urge to point to it, lying somewhere under the tablecloth.

“You must give it to me before I leave,” she says. Now we have both spoken to each other as business contacts might, and I am appalled at my gaucheness, just as she, from the looks, is delighted with hers. One shot across the bow.

I feel so awkward, so off-balance that I want to walk away from her. That is my nature, I suppose.

She beats me to it. “I have to leave early, actually. I’ve got a busy evening,” she says and she doesn’t even bother to look at me before she simply wanders off.

She has retained her figure. Good for her. She sits down at Dora and Vincenzo’s table on the higher terrace. I think she knows I am staring at her. Her back is ramrod straight on the chair. She quickly lifts a glass of wine. She probably needs it.

It is only now that my legs shake. I don’t know how to make it back to my table. I even hope for Margaret to reappear, but it is not she who rescues me. My knight is the man originally and partly from the bush, who wanders up to me holding a plate of rare steak. The lump of meat is enormous. He has an appetite, this boy.

“You lost?” he says.

“Who are you?” I say. “Where am I?”

“Just follow me, you poor old thing.” As we walk, his arm bumps my shoulder, deliberately I presume, and I take hold of it. I like him. He doesn’t need to be explained to. How I’ve longed for that, for these ten less than funny years.

He doesn’t pry, either. He doesn’t ask, “Did you meet the woman from home? Who is she? Why do you look a hundred and ten suddenly?

I sit down silently. I’d like to say something smart, to put everyone off the scent. I can’t think of anything smart.

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I broke up my daughter’s relationship

When my daughter was 19 she met a charming guy named Jeff. He took her out every Friday night and spoke to her on the telephone every other day. They spent hours on the phone because he lived too far away to just drop in. She was glowing with happiness. She said he was “the one” and told me she had lost her virginity to him. She spoke of marriage and kids. We all liked Jeff and should have been happy for Emily. But I wasn’t. I was worried for them. He was wonderful in every way … except he wasn’t Australian.

My good friend at school had an immigrant father and I knew how difficult it was for her growing up with racist taunts and snide comments. I didn’t want my future grandchildren to be subjected to the same cruel treatment. I didn’t want my daughter and her family to be sneered at in a racist world.

Then one night when he rang while Emily was not at home I told him that she was out with another guy and that she didn’t want to hear from him again. He sounded shocked and upset but I figured he’d get over it. I was doing them a favour. So I convinced myself.

When Emily asked if Jeff had called, I said he hadn’t. “Oh well,” she said. “I’ll see him on Friday anyway.”

But he didn’t turn up. And he didn’t call. And after a few days Emily realised he wasn’t going to. But she was too proud to ring him, especially with me saying, “It’s up to the man, don’t you do the chasing.”

Emily closed herself off from the world for over six months. I tried to persuade her to go out with her friends but she wouldn’t leave the house. She didn’t eat properly and lost too much weight. I worried about what I’d done.

When she did finally go out one night, I was thrilled. She met and married the first guy that came along and even I was blind to his faults. Peter wasn’t half the man Jeff was and they divorced after a few years.

My grandchild didn’t have to cope with a racist world. She had to survive a messy divorce. Counsellors helped. They did what they could with a fragile six-year-old. She is 17 now and still badly affected.

I’m sorry I interfered now. The world is a constantly changing place, a more accepting place. Emily and Jeff would have been perfect together.

But I can never divulge to her what I did.

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